European   industrial-hub cities face a resource paradox: Urban densification generates   large volumes of excavated soil, yet much remains confined to low-value fill   or disposal due to the lack of an integrated framework for reproducible   earth-based construction components.

The   thesis therefore develops a workflow for translating locally excavated   material from Rotterdam-Delft into unstabilised compressed-earth blocks   through literature review, material characterisation, mix development,   compaction trials and compressive-strength testing.

Beyond confirming   suitability for load-bearing applications up to 13 m without additional   structural verification, the study defined key production parameters and   quantified their effects. Compaction moisture was 5.8 times more influential   than clay content, particle-size optimisation improved performance by nearly   40%, and elevated pressures offered gains of up to 62%. Recycled aggregates   performed comparably to, or even better than, primary sand.

Replacing   only 50% of the load-bearing walls in all newly built single-family homes in   Rotterdam could save approximately 2000 t CO₂ and avoid around 1000   truckloads of C&D waste annually.